Kashere Journal of Animal Science

COMPARATIVE STUDY ON THE NUTRITIVE VALUES OF SILAGE PRODUCED FROM NAPIER GRASS (Pennisetum purpureum) VARIETIES IN SHIKA, NIGERIA

2026-03-29T10:45:15+00:00

Seasonal feed scarcity is a major constraint to sustainable livestock production in tropical regions.
Ensiling surplus forage is a key strategy to mitigate this issue. This study evaluated the nutritive value and
fermentation characteristics of silage produced from four Napier grass varieties (Juncao, Super Napier,
Hybrid Napier, and Elephant grass) cultivated in Shika, Nigeria. A Randomized Complete Block Design
(RCBD) with three replications was used. The grasses were harvested at 10 weeks, chopped, and ensiled
for 22 days using a bottle silo method. Silage samples were analyzed for physical properties, proximate
composition, fiber fractions, and mineral content. Results indicated significant differences (p<0.05)
among varieties. Super Napier grass silage had the lowest pH value of (3.93), Hybrid Napier and Elephant
grass silages had pH values of 4.11 and 4.17 respectively, which are within the optimal range (pH < 4.2)
for well-preserved silage, indicating efficient lactic acid production and inhibition of spoilage
microorganisms and very sweet aromas. Elephant grass recorded the highest crude protein (12.07%) but
also the highest fiber fractions (ADF 35.75%, NDF 69.32%), potentially limiting its digestibility. Juncao
grass showed the most favorable fiber profile for intake (lowest NDF: 66.35%) and the highest phosphorus
content (1.32%). It is concluded that while Hybrid Napier offers a balanced combination of good
fermentation quality and moderate nutrient levels, Juncao grass presents exceptional potential as a
mineral-rich, highly digestible silage source. The choice of variety should be based on specific nutritional
goals and supplementation strategies.

HAEMATOLOGICAL AND SERUM BIOCHEMICAL RESPONSES OF MALE RABBITS FED FERMENTED CASSAVA PEEL MEAL BASED DIETS

2026-04-01T22:22:34+00:00

This study investigated the haematological and serum biochemical response of male rabbits to fermented cassava peel meal (FCPM) as a partial replacement for maize in their diets. A total of 30 male rabbits (6–7 months old) were randomly allotted to five dietary treatments where FCPM replaced maize at graded level of 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% in a completely randomized design feeding experiment that lasted 8 weeks During the trial, data were obtained on haematological parameters and serum biochemical indices. The haematological parameters measured were packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin concentration (Hbc), red blood cell count (RBC) and white blood cell counts (WBC) whereas the serum biochemical indices were total protein (TP), albumin (AL), globulin (GL), creatinine (CR), aspartate transaminase (AST), and alanine transaminase (ALT). The results showed significant treatment effects (p<0.05) on PCV, Hbc, RBC, MCV while other parameters were not affected (p>0.05) namely, MCH, MCHC, neutrophil and lymphocytes. The values for the PCV (39.70%), Hbc (13.35g/dl), RBC (5.88 x 10⁶ uL), and MCV (68.50fl) were higher in rabbits fed 40% FCPM as replacement for maize while the lowest values were recorded by those on 80%FCPM with the exception of MCV that had the lowest in rabbits in 20% treatment group (64.45 fl). It showed from the results that the rabbits utilized the FCPM adequately at 40% as the haematological and serum biochemical indices indicated no severe adverse health or physiological stress. It is concluded therefore, that properly fermented cassava peel meal could be used as a viable alternative replacement for maize as an energy source of male rabbit diets since the blood profiles were within the physiological range for healthy rabbits. It is recommended and advisable that rabbit farmers wishing to optimize healthy rabbits for profitability should consider FCPM inclusion around 40% of the diet.

FINANCIAL BENEFIT OF BROILER CHICKENS PRODUCTION FED GRADED LEVELS OF SOYA BEANS BY-PRODUCT (AWARA) MEAL

2026-03-31T20:56:22+00:00

A feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of diets containing graded levels of soya bean by-product popularly known as awara residue as protein source. It was included at 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20% levels in the diet of broiler chickens. A total of 220 unsexed day old Marshall Broiler line were assigned to the five dietary treatments each replicated four times in a completely randomised design (CRD). Birds were provided with feed and water ad libitum and the experiment lasted for seven weeks. Data collected were daily feed intake, daily weight gain, cost per kilogram of each test diet, cost per kilogram of weight gain for each bird, total feed cost, and cost of feed /gain (N/gain). The cost of feed intake per bird (N/kg feed) which ranges as (560.00 vs 450.00) was decreased as the inclusion levels of the test diet increased, which led to the significant increase in the cost saving (N132.32 vs 348.85). In conclusion, awara residue meal is a good protein source and broiler feeds could contain up to 20% level of its inclusion both during the starter and finisher phases with no adverse effect on growth performance. Also, there was reduction in feed cost.

EVALUATION OF SERUM BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN Clarias gariepinus EXPOSED TO DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF DRIED POULTRY DROPPINGS

2026-04-03T19:20:05+00:00

This study assessed the levels of serum biochemical changes in C. gariepinus juveniles exposed to varying concentrations of dried poultry droppings. The dried poultry droppings were collected from Green Gold Construct Layers Unit in Ikole-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria. Ten (10) fish were randomly allocated to five treatments (T1, T2, T3, T4, and T5) in triplicate for 8 weeks. Blood samples were collected to assess serum protein, albumin, globulin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatinine, and urea. The changes observed were concentration dependent, with the highest biochemical alterations recorded in fish exposed to 6.0 g/L (T5) showing increased ALP (97.60 IU/L), urea (0.88 mmol/L), and creatinine (8.20 mmol/L), while the lowest changes were observed in the control group (T1) with stable biochemical values. The results revealed significant changes in the biochemical indicators in exposed treatments compared to the control. Increase in AST, ALT, urea, and creatinine concentration could be hepatic and renal dysfunction, while decrease in total protein and albumin suggested nutritional imbalance. Findings showed that C. gariepinus exposure to dried poultry droppings may affect physiological functions even at lower concentration. Unregulated disposal of dried poultry droppings in aquatic environments posed a serious ecological implication; hence, stringent waste management practice is encouraged.

CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF RED SOKOTO GOATS FED DIETS CONTAINING GRADED LEVEL OF YAM (Discorea rotundata) PEEL MEAL AS SUPPLEMENT TO SHEA BUTTER (Vitellaria paradoxa) LEAVES

2026-04-01T20:05:17+00:00

The study evaluated the Carcass, characteristics of Red Sokoto bucks fed diets containing graded levels of yam peel meal as supplement to shea butter leaves. The experiment was carried out at small ruminants unit of the Teachings and Research Farm Federal University of Kashere Gombe State Nigeria for a period of 50 days. Sixteen (16) Red Sokoto bucks aged about 11 – 12 months old were allocated into four (4) treatments of four (4) bucks each in a Complete Randomize Design (CRD). The bucks were acclimatized for 7 days and subsequently fed shea butter leaves at 500g/buck/day and a concentrate supplement diet (containing 0, 5, 10 and 15% yam peels) at 250g per buck/day for a duration of fifty (50) days, water was served ad libitum. At the end of the study, 12 animals were slaughtered at the rate of three animals per treatment. The weight of each animal before and after slaughter was taken. The head, neck, forelimb, hind limb, thorax, back, loin, flank and belly fat were removed. They were weighed and their weights were converted to percentage of slaughter weight, for the determination of whole sale cuts of carcass. The values for head, neck, forelimb, hind limb and back in the treatment groups were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that of control. The values of thorax, loin, flank and belly fats showed no significant (p > 0.05) difference. The weights of the byproduct which include, horns, hoofs, full gut, empty gut and belly fat were similar for all the treatment. The weight of horns and empty gut were significantly higher (p<0.05) for T3 and T1 respectively. It was concluded that the use of yam oeels meal in supplement diets for red sokoto goats improved the carsass yield, weights of whole sale cuts and some by-products, It was recommended that yam peels meal can be used ia supplement concentrate diets for Red Sokoto goats at 15% level of inclusion

CARCASS QUALITY AND BLOOD METABOLITES OF BROILER CHICKENS FED SUPER SOSAT MILLET IN SUNFLOWER MEAL BASED DIETS

2026-03-30T20:06:25+00:00

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the carcass quality and blood metabolites of broiler chickens fed Super SOSAT (SSM) pearl millet in sunflower meal based diets. Three hundred broiler chicks were randomly allotted to five dietary treatments in replicates of three containing 20 birds each in a completely randomized design. In the trial, Super SOSAT millet replaced maize at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% levels. Feed and water were served ad lib and the experiment lasted for 42 days. Results showed that all carcass indices measured were significantly (P<0.05) affected by the dietary treatments. However, only few organs showed influence of super SOSAT millet. Live weight of birds fed super SOSAT millet based diets (1.53 – 1.65 kg) were higher and similar among millet fed groups compared to the control (1.24 kg). The same trend was followed in plucked and eviscerated weights. However, carcass weight was highest (P<0.05) for birds on diet 5 (1.08kg) though did not differ from those on diets 2 (0.92 kg) and 3 (0.94 kg), followed by diet 4 (0.89 kg) and 1 (0.72 kg). In the same way, broiler chickens fed diet 5 (66.00 %) had higher dressing percent (P<0.05) than those on other diets which were the same (56.83 – 59.42 %). Organs weight as percentage of live weight showed significant influence of diets on heart weight with birds on diet 5 (0.61 %) having higher (P<0.05) weight which did not differ from that of birds on diets 1 (0.46 %) and 3 (0.52 %). Each of diets 2 and 4 had a lower value of 0.38 % which was comparable to diets 1 and 3. The weights of kidney (0.17 – 0.29 %), abdominal fat (1.86 – 2.02%) and liver (1.85 – 2.07 %) were not influenced by the replacement of maize with super SOSAT millet. Results for blood analysis showed that except for red blood cells (RBC), Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and hydrocarbonate, no blood parameter was significantly (P>0.05) affected by the diets. The RBC count of birds on diets 5 (1.40 x 10⁶/µl) and 4 (1.43 x 10⁶/µl) which did not differ from those on diets 3 (1.23x 10⁶/µl) and 1 (1.30 x 10⁶/µl), were significantly (P<0.05) higher than that of birds fed diet 2 (1.00 x 10⁶/µl) which was also comparable to diets 1 and 2. Conversely, packed cell volume (24.33 – 29.00 %), white blood cells (3.67 – 4.80x 10³/µl), haemoglobin (5.77 – 7.33 g/dl) and cholesterol (4.50 – 6.50 mmol / l) did not differ among the diets. However, all blood parameters were within the normal reference range indicating that the birds were neither anaemic nor undernourished. It is therefore concluded that super SOSAT millet can replace up to 100% of dietary maize in sunflower meal based broiler chickens diets without significant metabolic disruptions. Based on the higher dressing percent of 66.00% for broiler chickens in diet 5 compared to the others, this diet is recommended for broiler chickens.

TESTOSTERONE PROFILE AND TESTICULAR MORPHOMETRY OF RED SOKOTO BUCKS FED DIETS CONTAINING GRADED LEVELS OF YAM (Dioscorea Spp) PEEL MEAL AS SUPPLEMENT TO SHEA BUTTER

2026-04-02T19:55:55+00:00

The study evaluated the testosterone profile and testicular morphometry of red Sokoto bucks fed diets containing graded levels of yam peel meal as supplement to shea butter leaves. Sixteen (16) Red Sokoto bucks aged about 11 – 12 months old were allocated into four (4) treatments of four (4) bucks each. The bucks were acclimatized for 7 days and subsequently fed shea butter leaves at 500g/buck/day and a concentrate supplement diet (containing 0%, 5%, 10% and 15% yam peels) at 250g per buck/day for duration of fifty (50) days. Water was served ad libitum; feed intake was monitored and recorded. The experimental design was a complete randomized design. Concentrate, yam peels and shea butter leaves samples were analyzed for their proximate composition. Scrotal circumference was measured at the beginning and end of the study. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were collected and analyzed for testosterone profile. Three bucks were slaughtered per group and testicular morphometry parameters were analyzed. Serum testosterone concentration was significantly (P < 0.05) higher in the treatment groups than the control group, treatment four had the highest value. The values obtained for scrotal circumference, length, weight and volume of the testis were significantly higher in the treatment groups than the control group, especially in T4. The findings show that the yam peels had positive effects on serum testosterone and Testicular morphometry and thus suggests that it supports reproduction. Treatment four supported better reproductive function and is both safe and beneficial for enhancing fertility.

GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND COST BENEFITS ANALYSIS OF WEANER RABBITS FED TOASTED ROSELLE (Hibiscus sandariffa) SEED MEAL BASED DIETS

2026-04-01T19:01:35+00:00

This study was conducted at the Teaching and Research Animal Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Federal University of Kashere, Gombe State, to evaluate the effect of roselle seed meal (RSM) as a partial replacement for full-fat soybean on the growth performance and economics of production of weaner rabbits. A total of twenty-four (24) weaner rabbits of mixed sexes were randomly allotted to three dietary treatments in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) experiment. Each treatment was replicated four times with two rabbits per replicate. The experiment lasted for a period of eight weeks. The experimental diets contained 0% (T1), 20% (T2), and 40% (T3) levels of RSM replacing soybean ‘full fat’. Data were collected on initial weight, final weight, total weight gain, daily weight gain, daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and mortality. A cost–benefit analysis was also carried out. Results of daily feed intake (84.63-95.49g), daily weight gain (13.28-15.07g) and feed conversion ratio (6.25-6.63) measured were all similar. Feed intake and weight gain decrease as RSM inclusion level increases, but feed conversion ratio remained similar across treatments although, the best FCR was in treatment 2 (6.25). Mortality was not recorded, indicating that RSM is safe for rabbit feeding. Cost benefits analysis revealed reduced feed cost in Naira per kilogram gain with increasing RSM inclusion levels, the highest value was the control, and the lowest treatment 2. Therefore, from this study it can be concluded that roselle seed meal can be included in weaner rabbit diets up to 20% replacement level for soya bean ‘full-fat’ without negative effects on growth performance and with corresponding reduction in feed costs.

PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSE OF BROILER CHICKENS TO ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID (ASA) SUPPLEMENTATION IN DRINKING WATER

2026-03-30T13:51:31+00:00

This study evaluated the effects of Acetylsalicylic Acid (ASA) supplementation in drinking water on the growth performance and physiological responses of broiler chickens raised under tropical conditions. A total of 144 two-week-old broilers were randomly assigned to four treatments (0.00, 1.00, 1.50, and 2.00 g ASA/L of water) in a completely randomized design. Birds were monitored over six weeks for growth parameters (weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio) and physiological indices (cloacal temperature, respiratory rate, and pulse rate). Results revealed that while initial weight and feed intake were not significantly affected (p>0.05), ASA supplementation significantly (p<0.05) improved final weight, daily weight gain, and feed conversion ratio, with the highest performance observed at 2.00 g/L. Physiological responses also improved with increasing ASA levels, as evidenced by reduced cloacal temperature, respiratory rate, and pulse rate, suggesting better thermal regulation and reduced metabolic stress. These findings indicate that ASA supplementation, particularly at 2.00 g/L, enhances broiler performance and welfare under heat stress, making it a viable management strategy in tropical poultry production.

EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF ANIMAL MANURE ON DRY MATTER YIELD AND NUTRITIVE VALUE OF PEARL MILLET (PENNISETUM TYPHOID BURN. F)

2026-04-02T12:39:26+00:00

The experiment was conducted at the screen house of the Department of agronomy, Federal University of Kashere during early rain season of the year 2025.The objective of the study was to determine the effect of organic manure from different animal species on growth, yield and Nutritive value of (Pennisetum typhoid Burn). Pearl millet seeds were sown in 25 plastic container 10kg of soil each perforated at the bottom to allow seepage the treatments consisted organic manure from different species of animal (poultry, cattle, goat, sheep and control) , parameters such as plant height, number, number of tillers ;also pasture yield was determined at the end of the three month experimental period Samples of pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoid) were collected at exactly 3 months, with most of the plant at boot stage and about 2.5% at heading stage, then oven-dried, milled and subjected to proximate and fibre analysis. The results of the study revealed significant difference (p<0.05) among the treatments in terms of plant height and number of tillers per plant, however there is significant differences among the treatments with respect to yield, the highest plant height (80.64cm) was recorded by poultry manure treated (Pennisetum typhoid Burn) pearl millet with least (17.74 cm) by the control, with regard to numbers of tillers cattle and sheep manure along with control did not show any definite pattern of growth. the highest number of tillers (3.80) was recorded at week 11 post sowing by (Pennisetum typhoid Burn) pearl millet treated with sheep manure, furthermore, the highest dry matter yield (0.0499 ) was recorded by (Pennisetum typhoid Burn) pearl millet treated with poultry manure. Significant differences were observed among proximate composition and fibre fraction. Dry matter content was significantly (p<0.05) higher in Poultry manure (93.00%). While the lowest dry matter was observed in control (83.83%). Crude Protein was significantly higher (p<0.05) in poultry manure (11.57 %) compared to other manure. Similarly for Crude fibre and ether extract recorded significant higher (P<0.05) values in sheep and cattle manure of (35.34 %) (6.83%) respectively. While Nitrogen free component and Ash had significantly greater (P<0.05) values in Cattle and Goat manure (13.67&14.88%) respectively. significant differences were observed among fibre fraction. Neutral Detergent Fibre content was significantly (p<0.05) higher in Goat manure (59.50 %) fallow by cattle manure (58.50%), While the lowest Neutral Detergent Fibre was observed in control (83.83%). Hemicellelose was significantly higher (p<0.05) in sheep manure (16.1%) Similarly for crude Acid detergent Fibre and Acid detergent lignin were significant higher (P<0.05) in poultry manure and Sheep manure of (58.50 %) (8.3%) respectively.

CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF BROILER CHICKENS FED GRADED LEVELS OF PROCESSED MANGO SEED KERNEL MEAL

2026-04-01T13:38:43+00:00

The study was conducted at the Poultry Unit of Federal University, Kashere to investigate the effects of incorporating differently processed mango seed kernel meal i.e. toasted mango seed kernel meal (TMSKM) and fermented mango seed kernel meal (FMSKM) as partial replacement for maize in the diets of broiler chicken on carcass composition.. A total of 180 broiler chickens with similar weights were randomly allotted to six dietary treatments. The treatment group are toasted 0, 10 and 20% plus fermented at 0, 10 and 20% levels of inclusion coded as diet 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 respectively, in a completely randomized design (CRD).At the end of the experiment, two birds were randomly selected from each of the 18 replicates of each treatment to determine the carcass characteristics. Carcass quality was determined by measuring the live weight of representative chicken and then slaughtering to drain the blood and Plucked, eviscerated and carcass weights was determined. De-feathering follows by dipping them in hot water at 80⁰C for 10-15 minutes. Then cut-up parts and visceral organs were also weighed. Carcass characteristics such as carcass yield, cut-up parts and guts dimension of broiler chickens were measured to determine the effects of incorporating the differently processed mango seed kernel meal on the carcass characteristics of broiler chicken. Furthermore, organs such as the heart, liver, kidney, spleen, and gizzard were found to be significantly (p<0.05) affected. These differences did not follow a regular pattern, suggesting that they were unlikely to be influenced solely by the dietary treatments. Based on the findings, it can be concluded that TMSKM and FMSKM be included in broiler chicken diets up to 20% level without adversely affecting carcass and organ weights. The study recommended 20% level of inclusion of processed mango seed kernel in the diets of broiler chicken and also that further study should employ other processing methods

PROXIMATE AND MINERAL COMPOSITIONS OF FRESH ATLANTIC MACKEREL (Scomber scombrus) SOLD IN MAJOR MARKETS WITHIN GOMBE METROPOLIS, GOMBE STATE, NIGERIA

2026-03-29T20:29:56+00:00

The study determined the proximate composition and Mineral Compositions of Atlantic mackerel (Scomber scombrus) sold in various markets within Gombe Local Government of Gombe State. Atlantic mackerelis one of the most commercialized marine fish species consumed in Nigeria due to its high nutritional values. Fresh samples of Atlantic mackerel sold in Gombe local markets were bought, chilled in an ice in a plastic container and transported to the D epartment of Animal Science, Federal University of Kashere for Mineral and Proximate Analysis. The samples were purchased in triplicates from the four major Gombe markets and were tagged as; New Market (A), Old Market (B), Tashan Dukku (C) Pantami Market (D). Proximate analysis was conducted using the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC 2005) method to determine the Protein, Fiber, Moisture, Ether Extract and ash. Mineral contents of the samples were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry, flame photometry and spectrophotometry method.Mineral elements detected includes; Potassium (K), Iron, Copper, Phosphorous and Zinc. Results showed that highest mean value of the moisture, ash, ether extract, crude fiber, and crude protein contents in percent (%) as: 75.92, 1.22, 7.55, 1.10 and 19.65 respectively. The mineral composition was found to be higher in D with 148.52 (Phosphorous), A 14.67 (Zinc), C 11.93 in Copper, 3.02 (D) in Iron and 192.03 in Potassium with treatment D. In conclusion, the study revealed that there is a significant differences in nutritional content among fish sourced from the various markets. Both fish sold in the markets are rich in essential nutrients and minerals, making them a valuable food source. The findings also highlight the importance of marine species in human nutrition and health. Results from this study can also inform policy makers on food security and nutrition to regulate the available fish species sold in the major markets for public health concern.

COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF LENGTH-WEIGHT RELATIONSHIP AND CONDITION FACTOR OF SOME FISH SPECIES FROM MAIRUA RESERVOIR, KATSINA, NIGERIA

2026-04-02T11:27:07+00:00

This study examined the length-weight relationship and (LWRs) and condition factor of three economically important freshwater fish species from Mairua reservoir, Funtua, Katsina, Nigeria, namely Clarias gariepinus, Bagrus bayad and Oreochromis niloticus. In total, 486 specimens of all three fish species were collected from three landing site of the reservoir from June 2024 to November 2025. The fish were identified and separated before being transported alive to the Fisheries and Aquaculture laboratory of the Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State. At the laboratory, the length was measured to the nearest centimeter using a ruler while a sensitive weighing scale was used to measure the weight in grams. The results showed that all the three species have a negative allometric growth but C. gariepinus have the highest b-value (2.76) followed by O. niloticus (2.07) and lastly B. bayad (1.228). There is no significant difference in the mean body weight among the species (P = 0.640). More so, O. niloticus (1.88 ± 0.54) have significantly higher condition factor, followed by B. bayad (1.40 ± 1.25) while C. gariepinus has the lowest K value, (0.77 ± 0.56) with a p value of P= 0.01. Major fish species of Mairua reservoir are experiencing inadequate nutrition, adverse environmental conditions and poor physiological conditions leading to very low reproduction rate of the fishes and in turn halt fishing activity of the area. Therefore, there may be need for the water quality parameters analysis of both the water and soil basement of Mairua reservoir, Funtua, Katsina State, Nigeria.

OPTIMIZING NITROGEN FERTILIZATION FOR ENHANCED HYDROPONIC PRODUCTION OF WHEAT (Triticum aestivum) AND RICE (Oryza sativa) FODDER IN SUDAN SAVANNAH, NIGERIA

2026-03-31T21:21:12+00:00

Year-round provision of high-quality green fodder is a major constraint to sustainable livestock production in tropical Nigeria. Hydroponic fodder production presents a viable solution, but its productivity depends on precise nutrient management, particularly nitrogen (N) supplementation. This study investigated the effects of varying nitrogen fertilizer regimes (0, 1, and 2 g per 2 liters of water) on the growth and yield of hydroponically cultivated wheat and rice in Nigeria's Sudan savannah. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design. Parameters assessed included germination percentage, plant height, root mat depth, and final fresh biomass yield. Nitrogen application significantly (p<0.05) improved germination rates and shoot development in both crops, with wheat exhibiting a more pronounced response than rice. Plant height showed a positive correlation with increasing N levels, indicating stimulated vegetative growth. Conversely, root mat depth remained consistent across treatments, suggesting root architecture is governed more by physical factors than nutrition. Fresh herbage yield increased progressively with higher N inputs. Wheat demonstrated superior nitrogen use efficiency, yielding a maximum of 2.1 kg per tray, compared to 1.6 kg for rice. The results conclusively highlight the critical role of nitrogen in optimizing hydroponic fodder production and identify wheat as the more suitable and responsive crop for these systems. These findings provide actionable insights for maximizing fodder output in arid, resource-limited environments.

NUTRIENT INTAKE AND DIGE STIBILITY OF RED SOKOTO BUCKS FED DIETS CONTAINING GRADED LEVELS OF Leucaena leucocephala LEAF AS SUPPLEMENT TO CRAB GRASS (Digitata horizontalis)

2026-04-03T19:45:44+00:00

The study was Carried out to Evaluate the Nutritional Potentials of Sun Dried Leucaena leucocephala Leaves in the Diets of Growing Red Sokoto Bucks. Sixteen (16) Growing Red Sokoto Bucks averagely 8–9Months of age with an average Weight of 10-11 kg ± 0.5 were used for the Study. Four Treatment Diets (0%, 5%, 10% and 15% Leucaena leucocephala) were Formulated, Designated as T₁, T₂, T₃ and T₄ respectively. The Experimental Bucks were weighted at the Beginning of the Experiment and Weekly Thereafter and Feed Intake Recorded Daily. The Experiment was a Complete Randomized Designed (CRD) Experiment. The experiment lasted for a Period of sixty three (63) days after an adjustment period of fourteen (14) days. The data Collected were subjected to Analysis of Variance. The result revealed a Significant (p<0.05) different in Dry Matter and Nutrients Intake and Digestibility, Total Weight Gain was Significantly, (p<0.05) Higher in Bucks Fed Treatment 4 (2.26kg). Higher Total Feed Intake (824.50g) (818.23g) in Bucks fed Treatments T₁ and T₂ respectively with the Lowest (803.75g) in Treatment 4. Better Feed Utilization was recorded in experimental bucks fed T₄ with 0.35. Conclusively, Leucaena leucocephala leaves contain adequate nutrients required by growing Red Sokoto Goats andInclusion of Leucaena leucocephala at 15% in the Diets of Red Sokoto Goats Improved Nutrient Digestibility of the Animals.

EFFECT OF DIETARY INCLUSION OF DRIED MUSHROOM (Pleurotus ostreatus) ON THE BLOOD PARAMETERS AND LIPID PROFILES OF BROILER CHICKENS AT STARTER PHASE

2026-04-01T22:02:10+00:00

60 day old broiler chicks of either sex were randomly distributed into four treatments groups (T1, T2, T3 and T4) with each treatment having three replicates of five broiler chicks each in a completely randomized design. T1 was given commercial diet without mushroom while T2, T3, and T4 were given same commercial feed supplemented with dried mushroom at 1%, 1.5% and 2% from day old to 28 days of age. At this point, blood was collected by the use of syringe and needle through their wing vein for use in assaying the blood. Data collected were analyzed using one-way Analysis of variance. There was improvement on some blood parameters. PCV was highest at 1% inclusion (30.30 ± 0.53%) as against 23.50 ± 0.64% in the control while HB declined progressively from 8.53 ± 0.023 g/dl (control) to 7.23 ± 0.035 g/dl (2% inclusion). RBC count decreased from 2.85 ± 0.031 ×10⁶/µL in the control to 2.24 ± 0.023 ×10⁶/µL in the 1.5% group. Notwithstanding, PCV fall within the normal range for broilers (25.60-32.50% for PCV, 8.93 - 10.45g/dl for HB and 3.53-3.80 x 10⁶/µL for RBC). Cholesterol reduced from 142.4 ± 0.69 mg/dl in the control to 127.6 ± 1.36 mg/dl at 2% inclusion, while triglyceride declined from 102.3 ± 0.31 mg/dl to 60.6 ± 1.08 mg/dl. In contrast, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) increased progressively from 89.1 ± 1.37 mg/dl (control) to 109.4 ± 0.47 mg/dl (2%). Also, there was a significant improvements in liver markers, reduced low-density lipoprotein (LDL) coupled with increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL).

NUTRIENT INTAKE AND SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS OF MEAT FROM RED SOKOTO GOATS FED DIETS CONTAINING GRADED LEVELS OF YAM (Dioscorea Spp) PEEL MEAL AS SUPPLEMENT TO SHEA BUTTER(Vitellaria paradoxa) LEAVES

2026-03-31T20:28:23+00:00

The experiment was carried out at the Small Ruminants Unit of the Teachings and Research Farm, Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Kashere Gombe State Nigeria for a period of 50 days. Sixteen (16) red Sokoto goats (bucks) with initial weight range of 9-10kg were allocated in to four treatments of four goats each. The bucks were fed concentrate diets containing graded levels of yam peel meals (YPM) and Shea butter leaves (SBL), at 250g/ goats / day and 500g of Shea butter leaves (SBL) / goats / day for treatment one, treatment two, treatment three and treatment four with 0, 10, 20 and 30 % levels of inclusion of YPM respectively the experimental design was a completely randomized design (CRD) and data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance. Treatment 1 and 2 had the best arrey of nutrients and hence intake. Dry matter intake ranged from 378 – 497 g/day, while crude protein intake ranged from 46.39 to 59.85 g/day .Sensory evaluation reviled that juiciness and leanness were similar for all the treatments. Results for tenderness, flavor and palatability was significantly (p<0.05) highest in treatment three (T3) as compared to other treatments. Values for flavor reaged from 3.67 – 4.19, while that of overall meat quality were 19.22 – 21.59. Meat quality at inclusion Level of 21.62% (T3) was enhanced. Yam peels meal can be included in supplement diets for red Sokoto Goats at 10% level of inclusion for enhanced nutrient intake and meat quality

EFFECT OF FEEDING VARYING REPLACEMENT LEVELS OF DOUM PALM (Hyphaene thebaica) PULP MEAL SUPPLEMENTED WITH PREPARED ENZYME ON THE PERFORMANCE OF BROILER CHICKENS

2026-04-02T20:17:57+00:00

The experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of feeding Doum Palm (Hyphaene thebaica) Pulp meal to Broiler Chickens supplemented with prepared enzyme at Federal University Dutse teaching and research Farm, Jigawa State. The enzyme was prepared using Sorghum grain. 10g/kg of this prepared enzyme was used in all the treatments except T1. In a completely randomized design 150, day- old broiler chicks (Ross 308 strain) were randomly assigned to five dietary treatments of 30 chicks with three replicates and ten chicks each. The treatments were designated as, T1 (0%), T2 (5%), T3 (10%), T4 (15%) and T5 (20 %.) All broiler management procedures where adhered to. Data collected were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using SAS (1999) package. The results during starter phase revealed that significant (p<0.05) differences exist among some parameters observed. Final weight (781.23g), weight gain (741.77g/b) and daily weight gain (26.92g/d/b) were significantly (p<0.05) higher in T2 (5% DPP). However, chicks fed diet T5 (20% DPP) showed significantly (p<0.05) higher values (52.44 g/b/d) and feed conversion ratio (2.21) while at finisher phase, the results revealed that only daily feed intake was significantly (p<0.05) affected. Final weight was higher in T4 (1993.30g).The results of the analysis of carcass cut-ups on all the parameters examined were not-significantly (p>0.05) different except in the values of neck and back. Cost benefit analysis indicated that all the cost studied were higher in T1 (control) in both experiments. It can be concluded DPP has nutritional properties relative to some conventional feed ingredients and therefore, recommended as alternative feed ingredients for livestock.

EPIDIDYMAL SPERM RESERVE EXTRACTION AND LIBIDO RESPONSES OF MALE RABBIT FED GRADED LEVELS OF FERMENTED AFRICAN LOCUST BEAN (Parkia biglobosa)

2026-04-01T19:34:48+00:00

The experiment was conducted at the Rabbit Unit of the College of Agriculture, Bauchi, in Bauchi local government of Bauchi state, for a period of 8 weeks, to investigate the effects of feeding male rabbit graded levels o5f fermented African Locust Bean Meal (ALBM) on epididymal sperm reserve and libido responses. Completely randomized design (CRD) was used to allot the experimental diets to the experimental animals. Five dietary treatment levels were formulated as T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5. Each treatment was replicated four times, with two rabbits per unit which made a total number of 40 experimental bucks. The bucks weighed between 1.5-2.0 kg. The experimental diets were fed twice a day (morning and evening) and lasted for 8 weeks and clean drinking water was provided ad-libitum. The data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis of one sample t-test using a statistical package (SPSS) version 25, 2017. The means were separated using turkey range test. Hematological analysis such as PCV, HB and WBC were determined also including serum biochemistry analysis for only globulin and albumin to view the blood profile at a glance after experimental feeding. Result obtained for testicular weight shows no significant difference at (P> 0.05).T5 (100 %) shows the highest mean value of (1.88±0.13), while T1 (0.0 %) shows the lowest mean value of (1.25±0.32). The epididymal length, paired epididymis shows no significance difference at (P > 0.05), however the highest mean value is seen in T1 (6.75±0.85), while the lowest mean value was recorded in T3 (5.64±1.24). Semen volumes collected of all the experimental groups presented were not significant (P > 0.05). T1 (0.00 %) show the least volume of 0.05 ml. Libido response assessment test (LRT) was carried out to check for libido responses for each group using a matured teaser female (Doe). Time recording was achieved with aids of a stop watch. The libido responses (LR) were taken and recorded; some show response in less than (< 2 seconds) others greater (> 1 minute) and above (2 minutes) indicate or shows no libido response. All the experimental animals showed a spectrum of responses. T5 show a significant and higher libido response assessment test (LRT) whileT3 show a high number of no response. The economic analysis of the feed cost shows that as the proportion of ALBM increases, the feed cost decreases. The feed cost ranging from 40.00₦/kg, 60.50₦/kg. In conclusion, the Fermented African Locust Bean Meal can be included in the male rabbit diet for the overall improvement in sperm motility and libido response assessment test (LRT). Therefore, Fermented African Locust Bean Meal is recommended up to (100 %) level of replacement for better epididymal sperm reserve of male rabbits

RESPONSE OF BROILER CHICKENS TO DIETARY LEVELS OF SUPER SOSAT MILLET IN SUNFLOWER MEAL BASED DIETS

2026-03-30T19:21:43+00:00

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the response of broiler chickens fed Super SOSAT (SSM) pearl millet to replace maize in sunflower meal based diets. Three hundred broiler chicks were randomly allotted to five dietary treatments in replicates of three containing 20 birds each in a completely randomized design. In the trial, Super SOSAT millet replaced maize at 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% levels. Feed and water were served ad lib and the experiment lasted for 42 days. The results indicated that in the overall phase, all parameters were significantly (P<0.05) affected by the dietary treatments in favour of Super SOSAT millet based diets. Daily feed intake was similar for birds fed diets 4 (112.23 g) and 3 (113.76 g), but significantly lower on the other diets (99.01 – 103.76 g) which were similar. Birds on diet 5 (2.82) had better (P<0.05) feed conversion ratio than those fed other diets (3.11 – 3.23). The cost benefit of broiler chickens fed the experimental diets showed that feed cost per kg gain (N) increased from N311.78 for diet 1 to N336.57 for diet 2 and later dropped to N289.20 for diet 5. In all, diet 5 recorded the only cost saving of N22.58; however, no cost was saved by replacing maize with super SOSAT millet in the diets at the starter phase. At the finisher phase (4 -6weeks), a decreasing trend was also recorded for feed cost per kg gain (N) where birds on the control diet had the highest value of N471.84 which decreased progressively to N305.61 on diet 5. Cost saving (N) also increased from N47.87 on diet 2 to 166.23 on diet 5. At the Overall phase (0 - 6 weeks), the result indicated that feed cost (N/kg) decreased from N125.50 for diet 1 to N105.72 for diet 5. Total feed cost for each bird was highest for diet 3 (N553.86) and lowest for those on diet 5 (N457.77). Broiler chickens fed diet 5 had the highest average total weight gain of 1.54 kg, while those on the control diet had 1.35 kg which was the lowest. Feed cost per kg gain was highest for birds on the control (N386.73) and least for those on diet 5 (N297.25). Birds raised on diet 5 showed the highest cost saving value of N89.48 compared to N3.80 for those on diet 2 which had the lowest. Feed cost per kg gain (N) decreased with increasing level of super SOSAT millet. This could be attributed to the improved daily weight gain of birds fed these replacement levels. The results of the current study showed that Super SOSAT millet can completely replace maize in broiler chickens’ diets without any deleterious effect on feed intake and growth performance with reduced feed cost per kg gain. Based on the higher daily weight gain of 36.67g, better feed conversion ratio of 2.82, the least feed cost/kg gain of N297. 25 and the highest feed cost savings of N89.48 for broiler chickens in diet 5 compared to the others, this diet is recommended for broiler chickens.

EFFECT OF GINGER (Zingiber officinale), GARLIC (Allium sativum) AND UTAZI (Gongronema latifolium) EXTRACT INCLUSION IN WATER ON THE BLOOD PARAMETERS AND LIPID PROFILES OF BROILER CHICKENS

2026-04-02T19:12:39+00:00

This study investigated the effects of ginger (Zingiber officinale), garlic (Allium sativum) and utazi (Gongronema latifolium) on the blood parameters and lipid profile of broiler chickens. A total of 150 day-old broiler chicks were procured and randomly assigned to four treatment groups (Control, Ginger, Garlic, and Utazi groups). Each group was further divided into three subgroups based on their dosages (high, medium, and low). Aqueous extracts of the plants were prepared using cold maceration method to ensure that the bioactive components were preserved, and subsequently administered in prescribed doses in milliliter of drinking water for eight weeks. Serum biochemical and hematological parameters including lipid profiles were collected to evaluate their impacts. Data were analyzed using one-way Analysis of variance, ANOVA. The result showed positive influence on hematological parameters, with garlic notably increasing hemoglobin levels to 12.26 g/dL and ginger boosting red blood cell counts up to 3.40 × 10⁶/µL at low doses. Garlic was very good in reducing serum cholesterol to 158.27 mg/dl while Utazi elevated total cholesterol to 186.00 mg/dL at low doses. Garlic showed the most substantial reduction in total cholesterol, with the low-dose group (GAL, 158.27) being the most effective. Ginger exhibited a dose-dependent reduction in total cholesterol levels, with the lowest levels observed in medium-dose (GIS, 164.47) and high-dose (GIH, 168.47) groups. This study concludes that aqueous extracts of these plants, when administered in appropriate dosages will positively impact on the blood parameters and lipid profile of broiler chickens.

CLINICAL SIGNS, SEROPREVALENCE AND SEROTYPE COMPARISON OF FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE VIRUS IN MIXED HERDS IN GOMBE STATE

2026-04-01T16:22:45+00:00

Small ruminants (Sheep and Goats) constitutes a significant revenue generation component for small-scale livestock farmers across the globe especially in most developing nations including Nigeria. However, the role of small ruminant animals in FMD epidemiology in the study area is still underestimated and poorly understood. FMD causes severe economic losses due to reduced productivity, trade restrictions, and control measures. This study was aimed at investigating the seroprevalence and epidemiological role of small ruminants in foot and mouth disease transmission in mixed herds in Gombe State, Nigeria. The clinical signs of FMD observed in sheep and goats in the present study were inappetence, panting, pyrexia (≥40 °C), distress, congestion of mucus membrane and lameness. In addition, in sheep there were vesicular lesions in the inter-digital cleft and on the bulb of the heels. Temperature of Small ruminant suspected to be infected with FMDV showed a mean value of 40.2^oC. A total of six hundred and thirty (630) sera samples were collected and subjected to Bio vet^® FMDV NSP-3B bELISA kit (multi-species). The result showed that out of 630 sera tested, 71 (41.0%) of sheep, 40 (41.2%) of goats and 230 (63.9) of cattle were evident of NSP-FMD antibodies. FMD structural protein serotypes, A, O and SAT 2 was screened using a solid-phase competitive ELISA (ID Screen ®) for FMDV serotype O and IZSLER: Brascia, Italy for FMDV serotype A and SAT2 respectively 75% of goats were serotype A positive, 60% of cattle were positive for serotype SAT2 and 80% of sheep were serotype O positive. In conclusion, the high seropositivity of small ruminants to FMD observed in this study may be associated with non-vaccination of small ruminants which is a salient signal to infection and viremia. This poses a great risk to indigenous cattle as the small ruminants lead the cattle on their trek routes. We recommended that movement-controlled measure and the use of multivalent vaccines comprising the three local circulating serotypes as the control option.

PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF RABBITS TO PETROL-GENERATOR EXHAUST FUME EXPOSURE

2026-03-30T13:07:22+00:00

Dependence on petrol generators in developing countries exposes humans and animals to toxic exhaust emissions. this study was carried out at federal university Oye- Ekiti teaching and research farm of the department of animal production and health. This study assessed the effects of petrol-generator exhaust fumes on haematological and serum biochemical parameters of rabbits. Twenty (20) Rabbits were randomly assigned into four treatment groups (T1, T2, T3 and T4): control T1(no exposure) and treatment groups T2, T3 and T4 were exposed for 2, 4, or 6 hours daily respectively. The experiment lasted for 6weeks, at the end of the research, Blood samples were collected for haematological (MCHC, haemoglobin, PCV, leukocyte differentials) and serum biochemical (ALT, AST, ALP, urea, creatinine) analyses. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA at (p<0.05). Haematological indices showed some level of changes in haemoglobin and MCHC, with a decrease after 6-hour exposure, while PCV increased significantly compared with control group. Leukocyte counts indicated stress-related neutrophilia and lymphocytosis. serum Biochemical analysis revealed elevated ALT, AST, and ALP activities in 2- and 4-hour treatment groups, followed by a decrease at 6 hours, suggesting hepatocellular stress. Serum urea and creatinine were significantly increased in exposed treatment groups, indicating impede renal function. Exposure to petrol-generator exhaust fumes adversely affect haematological and serum biochemical indices of rabbits, reflecting hypoxia, inflammatory responses, hepatotoxicity, and nephrotoxicity. These findings highlight potential public health risks associated with chronic generator use and stress the need for safer energy alternatives and improved ventilation practices.

GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF YANKASA RAMS GRAZEDSTRIP SOWN LEGUMES WITH OR WITHOUT FERTILIZER

2026-04-02T11:57:24+00:00

Two experiments were conducted to examine the performance of growing Yankasa rams fed strip sown legumes (Stylosanthes hamate (L) Taub. Cv Verano and Centrosema pascuorum Mart. ex Benth (Centurion) cv Cavalcade) with or without fertilizer for improvement of rangeland in Gombe, Sudan Savannah Zone of Nigeria.Twenty-one (21) Yankasa Rams aged 9 to 12 months were used for the experiment. The experimental animals were sourced from local markets in Gombe State, the animals were balanced for weight to achieve one Livestock Unit per hectare (LU/ha), a Livestock Unit is the equivalence of 250 kg animal (Cattle) with a daily requirement of 2.5% (6.25 kg of feed on dry matter basis) for grazing trail the experimental animals were allowed to graze the plot of pasture sward for 8hrs. Plots were grazed until the forage was grazed down to a fairly uniform height of about 10 cm before the animals are moved to another replicate plots which lasedt four days for the period of 12 weeks (Rotational grazing system).For stall fed trail the animals were balanced for weight, randomly housed in individual pens, provided with a feeding troughs and drinkers where water was provided ad libitum. The forage hay prepared from Centrosema pascuorum, Centrosema pascuorum/SPP, Stylosanthes hamata, Stylosanthes hamata/SPP, Native range alone, Native range/Urea and Native range/NPK were offered in a complete randomized design (CRD) with three animals per treatments for 90 days. The treatments were offered at the rate of 5% of their body weight.The Results of Nutritive value shows no significant differences (P<0.05) in value recorded for dry matter (DM)) across the treatments. There was a significant (P<0.05) difference in crude protein (CP), crude fibre (CF), Ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF), ash and Nitrogen free extract (NFE) The content ranges from 6.57– 11.50%, 1.39– 2.15%, 28.44– 35.11%, 51.50 59.50%, 38.50– 47.50% , 4.93– 13.39%, and 42.11-50.75 respectively. The result also revealed significant (P<0.05) differences in daily weight gain, with the highest value recorded in T7 (66.33g) followed by T4 which had 58.80 g/head/day in grazing trial, significant (P<0.05) differences were also observed in stall fed performance as Stylosanthes hamata with or without fertilizer recorded the highest weight gain of 115.71 g/head/day and 93.57 g/head/day T3 and T4 respectively. The highest feed intake was recorded in T4 (850.70 g/head/day) while T5 had the lowest (702.8g/head/day). Stylosanthes hamata with or without fertilizer also had significant influence on the weights gain of Yankasa rams. Introduction of legumes with or without fertilizer revealed superior fodder compare to application of inorganic fertilizer fed to Yankasa rams for improved performance. Further research using other legume varieties was recommend the use of Strip sown legumes with or without fertilizer type to rehabilitee range land

RABBIT MEAT QUALITY FACTORS, HEALTH BENEFITS AND IMPORTANCE: A REVIEW

2026-03-31T21:54:22+00:00

This review was conducted to examine the nutritional importance, compositional characteristics and health benefits of rabbit meat, as well as its relevance to food security and sustainable livestock production. The review was based on data obtained from peer-reviewed scientific journals, technical reports and nutritional databases published between 2010 and 2024. Information on the chemical composition, health implications and functional properties of rabbit meat was extracted, analyzed and summarized in tabular form. Comparative evaluation of the values reported across different studies was carried out to identify common nutritional trends and to highlight the importance of rabbit meat relative to other conventional meats.Findings from reviewed studies indicate that rabbit meat is highly nutritious, lean and easily digestible. It contains between 18.6 and 22.4 g of protein and only 0.5 to 6.3 g of total fat per 100 g of meat, making it an ideal low-fat animal protein source. The energy value ranges from 86 to 161 kcal per 100 g, while moisture content is between 69.6 and 79.3 g per 100 g, contributing to its tenderness and juiciness. The cholesterol content varies from 24 to 120 mg per 100 g, which is considerably lower than that of beef or pork, making it suitable for individuals concerned about heart health. Rabbit meat also contains essential minerals such as potassium (330–430 mg), phosphorus (213–263 mg), iron (1.6–3.0 mg) and selenium (24–39 µg) per 100 g, along with vitamin B12 (4–7 µg per 100 g), which plays a vital role in red blood cell formation and energy metabolism. The fatty acid composition reveals a favorable balance with 30–42% saturated fatty acids (SFA), 25–32% monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and 25–40% polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), with an n-6 to n-3 ratio ranging from 5:1 to 10:1. This composition supports cardiovascular health, weight management and metabolic efficiency. In addition to its nutritional benefits, rabbit production offers economic and environmental advantages due to high reproductive rates, efficient feed conversion and a low ecological footprint, making it an important contributor to sustainable livestock systems. It was concluded that, rabbit meat represents a sustainable and nutritionally valuable source of animal protein that can help address dietary deficiencies and promote healthier living. It was recommended that, there should be increased public sensitization and nutritional education to promote awareness of the health and economic benefits of rabbit meat.

PROXIMATE AND MINERAL COMPOSITION OF SELECTED GRASSES, TREE LEAVES AND CROP RESIDUE CONSUMED BY CATTLE, SHEEP AND GOATS IN KASHERE, GOMBE STATE, NIGERIA

2026-04-03T20:09:38+00:00

The study was conducted to determine the proximate and mineral composition of grasses, tree leaves and crop residue consumed by ruminants during dry season in the grazing areas of Teaching and Research farm of Federal University of Kashere in Akko L.G.A, Gombe State, Nigeria. Forage samples were collected during grazing periods and identified from the designated areas (A, B, C and D) over a period of two weeks to ensure a representative diversity of forage species. Results showed that Gamba grass (Andropogon gayanus), Mango leaf (Magnifera indica), Cowpea husk (Vigna unguiculata), Potato leaf (Solanum tuberosum), and Maize husk (Zea mays) are the most consumed leaves among the ruminants. Most Common Forage Species include Brachiaria brizantha, Digitaria smutsii, Cyperus esculentus and Setaria barbata. Proximate analysis revealed variations in moisture, crude protein, ash, lipid, carboydrate, fiber, organic content among the samples. Mineral composition analysis showed that the forages contained essential minerals such as calcium, potassium, magnesium, sodium, and phosphorus in varying concentrations, contributing to the nutritional needs of ruminants. The findings indicate that these forages can serve as valuable feed resources when strategically combined to balance energy, protein, and mineral requirements in livestock diets. The study emphasizes the need for supplementation of energy-rich forages with protein and mineral sources to enhance animal performance, particularly during the dry season when feed availability is limited.

EFFECT OF DIETARY INCLUSION OF DRIED MUSHROOM (Pleurotus ostreatus) ON THE BLOOD PARAMETERS AND LIPID PROFILES OF BROILER CHICKENS AT STARTER PHASE

2026-03-28T18:22:31+00:00

60 day old broiler chicks of either sex were randomly distributed into four treatments groups (T1, T2, T3 and T4) with each treatment having three replicates of five broiler chicks each in a completely randomized design. T1 was given commercial diet without mushroom while T2, T3, and T4 were given same commercial feed supplemented with dried mushroom at 1%, 1.5% and 2% from day old to 28 days of age. At this point, blood was collected by the use of syringe and needle through their wing vein for use in assaying the blood. Data collected were analyzed using one-way Analysis of variance. There was improvement on some blood parameters. PCV was highest at 1% inclusion (30.30 ± 0.53%) as against 23.50 ± 0.64% in the control while HB declined progressively from 8.53 ± 0.023 g/dl (control) to 7.23 ± 0.035 g/dl (2% inclusion). RBC count decreased from 2.85 ± 0.031 ×10⁶/μL in the control to 2.24 ± 0.023 ×10⁶/μL in the 1.5% group. Notwithstanding, PCV fall within the normal range for broilers (25.60-32.50% for PCV, 8.93 - 10.45g/dl for HB and 3.53-3.80 x 106/μL for RBC). Cholesterol reduced from 142.4 ± 0.69 mg/dl in the control to 127.6 ± 1.36 mg/dl at 2% inclusion, while triglyceride declined from 102.3 ± 0.31 mg/dl to 60.6 ± 1.08 mg/dl. In contrast, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) increased progressively from 89.1 ± 1.37 mg/dl (control) to 109.4 ± 0.47 mg/dl (2%). Also, there was a significant improvements in liver markers, reduced low-density lipoprotein (LDL) coupled with increased high-density lipoprotein (HDL).